[<<Previous Entry]
[^^Up^^]
[Next Entry>>]
[Menu]
[About The Guide]
#define
Define a manifest constant or pseudofunction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Syntax
#define <idConstant> [<resultText>]
#define <idFunction>([<arg list>]) [<exp>]
Arguments
<idConstant> is the name of an identifier to define.
<resultText> is the optional replacement text to substitute whenever
a valid <idConstant> is encountered.
<idFunction> is a pseudofunction definition with an optional
argument list (<arg list>). If you include <arg list>, it is delimited
by parentheses (()) immediately following <idFunction>.
<exp> is the replacement expression to substitute when the
pseudofunction is encountered. Enclose this expression in parentheses
to guarantee precedence of evaluation when the pseudofunction is
expanded.
Note: #define identifiers are case-sensitive, where #command and
#translate identifiers are not.
Description
The #define directive defines an identifier and, optionally, associates
a text replacement string. If specified, replacement text operates much
like the search and replace operation of a text editor. As each source
line from a program file is processed by the preprocessor, the line is
scanned for identifiers. If a currently defined identifier is
encountered, the replacement text is substituted in its place.
Identifiers specified with #define follow most of the identifier naming
rules in CA-Clipper . Defined identifiers can contain any combination
of alphabetic and numeric characters, including underscores. Defined
identifiers, however, differ from other identifiers by being case-
sensitive. As a convention, defined identifiers are specified in
uppercase to distinguish them from other identifiers used within a
program. Additionally, identifiers are specified with a one or two
letter prefix to group similar identifiers together and guarantee
uniqueness. Refer to one of the supplied header files in the
\CLIP53\INCLUDE directory for examples.
When specified, each definition must occur on a line by itself. Unlike
statements, more than one directive cannot be specified on the same
source line. You may continue a definition on a subsequent line by
employing a semicolon (;). Each #define directive is specified followed
by one or more white space characters (spaces or tabs), a unique
identifier, and optional replacement text. Definitions can be nested,
allowing one identifier to define another.
A defined identifier has lexical scope like a filewide static variable. It
is only valid in the program (.prg) file in which it is defined unless
defined in Std.ch or the header file specified on the compiler command
line with the /U option. Unlike a filewide static variable, a defined
identifier is visible from the point where it is defined in the program
file until it is either undefined, redefined, or the end of the program
file is reached.
You can redefine or undefine existing identifiers. To redefine an
identifier, specify a new #define directive with the identifier and the
new replacement text as its arguments. The current definition is then
overwritten with the new definition, and a compiler warning is issued in
case the redefinition is inadvertent. To undefine an identifier,
specify an #undef directive with the identifier as its argument.
#define directives have three basic purposes:
. To define a control identifier for #ifdef and #ifndef
. To define a manifest constant--an identifier defined to
represent a constant value
. To define a compiler pseudofunction
The following discussion expands these three purposes of the #define
directive in your program.
Preprocessor Identifiers
The most basic #define directive defines an identifier with no
replacement text. You can use this type of identifier when you need to
test for the existence of an identifier with either the #ifdef or
#ifndef directives. This is useful to either exclude or include code
for conditional compilation. This type of identifier can also be
defined using the /D compiler option from the compiler command line.
See the examples below.
Manifest Constants
The second form of the #define directive assigns a name to a constant
value. This form of identifier is referred to as a manifest constant.
For example, you can define a manifest constant for the INKEY() code
associated with a key press:
#define K_ESC 27
IF LASTKEY() = K_ESC
.
. <statements>
.
ENDIF
Whenever the preprocessor encounters a manifest constant while scanning
a source line, it replaces it with the specified replacement text.
Although you can accomplish this by defining a variable, there are
several advantages to using a manifest constant: the compiler generates
faster and more compact code for constants than for variables; and
variables have memory overhead where manifest constants have no runtime
overhead, thus saving memory and increasing execution speed.
Furthermore, using a variable to represent a constant value is
conceptually inconsistent. A variable by nature changes and a constant
does not.
Use a manifest constant instead of a constant for several reasons.
First, it increases readability. In the example above, the manifest
constant indicates more clearly the key being represented than does the
INKEY() code itself. Second, manifest constants localize the definition
of constant values, thereby making changes easier to make, and
increasing reliability. Third, and a side effect of the second reason,
is that manifest constants isolate implementation or environment
specifics when they are represented by constant values.
To further isolate the effects of change, manifest constants and other
identifiers can be grouped together into header files allowing you to
share identifiers between program (.prg) files, applications, and groups
of programmers. Using this methodology, definitions can be standardized
for use throughout a development organization. Merge header files into
the current program file by using the #include directive.
For examples of header files, refer to the supplied header files in the
\CLIP53\INCLUDE directory.
Compiler Pseudo-functions
In addition to defining constants as values, the #define directive can
also define pseudofunctions that are resolved at compile time. A
pseudofunction definition is an identifier immediately followed by an
argument list, delimited by parentheses, and the replacement expression.
For example:
#define AREA(nLength, nWidth) (nLength * nWidth)
#define SETVAR(x, y) (x := y)
#define MAX(x, y) (IF(x > y, x, y))
Pseudofunctions differ from manifest constants by supporting arguments.
Whenever the preprocessor scans a source line and encounters a function
call that matches the pseudofunction definition, it substitutes the
function call with the replacement expression. The arguments of the
function call are transported into the replacement expression by the
names specified in the argument list of the identifier definition. When
the replacement expression is substituted for the pseudofunction, names
in the replacement expression are replaced with argument text. For
example, the following invocations,
? AREA(10, 12)
SETVAR(nValue, 10)
? MAX(10, 9)
are replaced by :
? (10 * 12)
nValue := 10
? (IF(10 > 9, 10, 9)
It is important when defining pseudofunctions, that you enclose the
result expression in parentheses to enforce the proper order of
evaluation. This is particularly important for numeric expressions. In
pseudofunctions, you must specify all arguments. If the arguments are
not specified, the function call is not expanded as a pseudofunction and
exits the preprocessor to the compiler as encountered.
Pseudofunctions do not entail the overhead of a function call and are,
therefore, generally faster. They also use less memory.
Pseudofunctions, however, are more difficult to debug within the
debugger, have a scope different from declared functions and procedures,
do not allow skipped arguments, and are case-sensitive.
You can avoid some of these deficiencies by defining a pseudofunction
using the #translate directive. #translate pseudofunctions are not case-
sensitive, allow optional arguments, and obey the dBASE four-letter
rule. See the #translate directive reference in this chapter for more
information.
Examples
. In this example a manifest constant conditionally controls the
compilation of debugging code:
#define DEBUG
.
. <statements>
.
#ifdef DEBUG
Assert(FILE("System.dbf"))
#endif
. This example defines a manifest constant and substitutes it
for an INKEY() value:
#define K_ESC 27
.
. <statements>
.
IF INKEY() != K_ESC
DoIt()
ELSE
StopIt()
ENDIF
. This example defines pseudofunctions for the standard
CA-Clipper functions, MAX() and ALLTRIM():
#define MAX(arg1, arg2) (IF(arg1 > arg2, ;
arg1, arg2))
#define ALLTRIM(cString) (RTRIM(LTRIM(cString)))
.
. <statements>
.
? MAX(1, 2)
? ALLTRIM(" Hello ")
See Also:
#command
#ifdef
#ifndef
#undef
#xcommand
This page created by ng2html v1.05, the Norton guide to HTML conversion utility.
Written by Dave Pearson